Federal solicitations arrive as a package: plans, specifications, wage determination, and a bid schedule that controls how the government will pay you. If you price the work in your own format and then try to back into the schedule, you lose the ability to defend unit prices during a price-reasonableness discussion. We take off the work so that every line maps to the bid schedule and every labor hour carries the correct Davis-Bacon classification. This is a different discipline from commercial estimating. On a private job you can carry a blended crew rate; on a federal job the wage determination lists classifications by trade, and an unlisted classification requires a conformance request before award. We build the estimate with that structure from the first takeoff pass.
- Deliverable
- Excel estimate + marked-up PDF plans
- Organized by
- CSI MasterFormat section
- Turnaround
- 24–48 hours for most projects
- Pricing
- ZIP-code-adjusted material and labor pricing
- Software
- Bluebeam Revu, PlanSwift, RSMeans data
Our federal project takeoff is organized by CSI MasterFormat division, from Division 01 General Requirements through Division 31 Earthwork, with Uniformat cross-references where the solicitation calls for them. We price material and labor with ZIP-code-adjusted RSMeans data, so a cubic yard of concrete or a linear foot of pipe reflects the locality in the wage determination. For federal construction estimating, we read the full solicitation, including the addendum history, before we open the IFC drawings. Turnaround is 24–48 hours for most projects, with rush available. If you also price state and local public work, our Government Contractor Estimating page covers the non-federal side. For private commercial bids, see General Contractor Estimating.
Whether you are an 8(a), SDVOSB, WOSB, or HUBZone prime, or a subcontractor pricing a teaming agreement, the output is an Excel workbook organized by CSI MasterFormat division, a PDF for review, and marked-up plan sets. The workbook includes a schedule of values and a cost breakdown structure that mirrors the SF 1442 bid schedule, so your federal bid estimating effort does not need a second pass. If you are a federal subcontractor estimating your portion, we can isolate your scope and still show the prime how it rolls into the total. For residential or light commercial work outside the federal market, our Subcontractor Estimating Services and Small Contractor Estimating pages cover those scopes.
What our federal estimating company takeoff covers
We measure from the drawings and specifications you provide, applying the units and line items the bid schedule requires. The estimate is organized by CSI MasterFormat division with Davis-Bacon labor rates applied by trade classification and county. We do not adjust the scope to fit a target number; we report what the documents show and flag the gaps.
Demolition & Abatement
Measure LF of pipe and SF of floor finish removed by area, with abatement quantities separated for disposal pricing.
LF · SF · EASitework & Earthwork
Price clearing, stripping depth, and CY of unsuitable material undercut based on the geotech report.
CY · SF · LFConcrete & Formwork
Take off CY of structural concrete by mix design and formwork as contact SF, including elevated slabs and foundations.
CY · SFReinforcing & Structural Steel
Weigh TON of rebar and structural steel, with separate lines for lap, chairs, dowels, connections, and touch-up paint.
TON · EAInterior Finishes
Measure SF of gypsum board on each side of partitions, SF of acoustical ceiling, and EA of doors, frames, and hardware sets.
SF · EAPlumbing & HVAC
Count LF of domestic water and sanitary piping by size and material, LF of ductwork by gauge, and EA of fixtures and terminal units.
LF · EAElectrical Systems
Price LF of conduit by size, EA of devices and panelboards, and feeders, with separate lines for branch wiring and terminations.
LF · EAPaving & Site Improvements
Take off TON of asphalt by mix, CY of aggregate base, and LF of striping, with curbs and sidewalks measured separately.
TON · CY · LFWhat every federal contractor estimating takeoff includes
- Demolition and abatement by area, with LF of pipe and SF of floor finish removed separately
- Site clearing, stripping depth, and CY of unsuitable material undercut based on the geotech report
- CY of structural concrete by mix design with formwork measured as contact SF
- TON of reinforcing steel with separate lines for lap, chairs, and dowels
- TON of structural steel with separate lines for connection material and touch-up paint
- SF of gypsum board on each side of a partition, plus SF of acoustical ceiling
- EA of hollow metal doors, frames, and hardware sets, with keying and cylinders listed separately
- LF of domestic water and sanitary piping by size and material, plus EA of fixtures
- LF of ductwork by size and gauge, plus EA of VAV boxes and terminal units
- LF of conduit by size and EA of devices, panelboards, and feeders
- TON of asphalt paving by mix, plus CY of aggregate base and LF of striping
- LS items for testing and balancing, commissioning, submittals, and closeout
How our federal estimator services take off a project
- Read the solicitation packageWe start with the bid schedule, wage determination, and Section 01 30 00 to understand how the government wants the work priced. If the schedule has unit-price items, we set up the takeoff to feed those exact line items. If the wage determination lists a classification not in the published schedule, we flag it for a conformance request before you bid.
- Set up the takeoff by divisionWe open the drawings in Bluebeam Revu and PlanSwift, then create a measurement file organized by CSI MasterFormat division. Each division gets its own layer set: Division 03 for concrete, Division 05 for steel, Division 09 for finishes, and so on. This keeps the quantities traceable back to the sheet they came from.
- Measure the workWe measure from the plans using the units the schedule requires. Formwork is taken off as contact area, not footprint. Rebar is measured by ton with a separate line for lap and chairs. Ductwork is measured by centerline length with fittings counted separately. Every measurement is linked to a sheet reference so you can check it.
- Apply Davis-Bacon labor ratesWe load the wage determination into the estimate and assign each trade classification to the work it performs. Fringe benefits are applied per hour, not as a percentage of base wage. If a classification is missing, we note it and show the commercial rate as a placeholder until the conformance request is approved.
- Map to the bid scheduleWe reorganize the estimate so each line matches the bid schedule item number and description. If the schedule has a lump-sum item for mobilization, we show the build-up behind it. If it has unit-price items for demolition, we show the quantity and unit price separately so you can see the exposure.
- Review and deliverWe check the estimate against the government estimate format if one is provided, and run a sanity check on quantities per square foot. The final package includes an Excel workbook, a PDF, and marked-up plan sets. We flag any assumptions and exclusions on a summary tab so you can carry them into your bid.
What we need from you
- SolicitationThe full RFP including Section 01 30 00, bid schedule, and any amendments. This controls how the work must be priced.
- Wage determinationThe Davis-Bacon wage determination for the county and construction type. We need the classification rates and fringe amounts.
- Plans and specsComplete drawing set and project specifications. If the set is incomplete, tell us which disciplines are missing.
- Geotech reportFor site work and foundations. This drives undercut quantities and backfill assumptions.
- Bid dateThe date and time the bid is due. We work backward from that to set the delivery schedule.
- Bonding capacityYour single and aggregate limits. This affects whether you can bid the project as a prime.
Sample takeoff format
This is how we present the takeoff. Each line references the sheet it came from so you can trace the quantity.
| Section | Line item | Qty | Unit | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 03 30 00 | Continuous footing 24" × 12", 4000 psi | 1,840 | LF | S-101 |
| 03 30 00 | Spread footing 6' × 6' × 18", 4000 psi | 24 | EA | S-102 |
| 03 30 00 | Slab on grade 5" thick, 3500 psi | 18,400 | SF | S-103 |
| 05 12 00 | Structural steel, W14×22 beams | 42 | TON | S-201 |
| 09 29 00 | Gypsum board, 5/8" Type X, both sides | 24,600 | SF | A-301 |
| 09 51 00 | Acoustical ceiling, 2×2 lay-in | 8,200 | SF | A-302 |
| 22 11 16 | Domestic water piping, Type L copper, 2" | 680 | LF | P-101 |
| 26 05 19 | Conduit, EMT, 3/4" | 2,400 | LF | E-101 |
| 31 23 16 | Excavation, bulk cut, on-site | 3,200 | CY | C-101 |
| 31 23 23 | Backfill, structural, compacted | 1,800 | CY | C-102 |
| 03 20 00 | Reinforcing steel, #5 bars | 18 | TON | S-104 |
| 33 11 00 | Site utilities, PVC sanitary sewer, 8" | 420 | LF | C-201 |
Units of measure we take off
Federal bid schedules use standard units, and mixing them up is a common source of unbalanced bids. We measure in the unit the schedule requires.
| Item | Unit | How it's measured |
|---|---|---|
| Excavation and backfill | CY | Bank volume from cross sections, with topsoil stripped separately |
| Formwork | SFCA | Contact area of concrete touching form, not footprint area |
| Gypsum board | SF | Each side of partition measured separately, no deduction under 10 SF |
| Ductwork | LF | Centerline length by size and gauge, with fittings counted separately |
| Structural steel | TON | Fabricated weight from shop drawings or member schedule |
| Doors and frames | EA | Each opening counted once, hardware sets listed separately |
| Piping | LF | Centerline length by size and material, fittings and valves by EA |
| Concrete paving | SY | Surface area by thickness, with curb measured by LF |
Worked example: concrete footing takeoff for a federal bid
This example uses a continuous footing from a hypothetical federal project. The dimensions are illustrative and do not represent any specific solicitation. We show the steps we take to go from plan dimensions to a priced line item that maps to the bid schedule.
Step 1: Read the footing schedule and plan. The drawing shows a continuous footing 24 inches wide by 12 inches deep, running 1,840 LF. The specification (Section 03 30 00) calls for 4,000 psi concrete, and the wage determination lists Carpenter, Laborer, and Operating Engineer classifications.
Step 2: Calculate concrete volume. Convert dimensions to feet: width = 2.0 ft, depth = 1.0 ft. Cross-sectional area = 2.0 × 1.0 = 2.0 SF. Volume = 2.0 SF × 1,840 LF = 3,680 CF. Convert to CY: 3,680 ÷ 27 = 136.3 CY. This is the neat volume.
Step 3: Apply waste factor. For footings, typical waste is 5% due to over-excavation and spillage. Waste = 136.3 × 0.05 = 6.8 CY. Total concrete = 136.3 + 6.8 = 143.1 CY. We show waste as a separate line so you can adjust it.
Step 4: Measure formwork. Formwork is measured as contact area. For a continuous footing, forms are on both sides: 2 sides × 1.0 ft depth × 1,840 LF = 3,680 SFCA. No formwork under the footing. We add 5% for cutting and bracing: 3,680 × 1.05 = 3,864 SFCA.
Step 5: Calculate reinforcing steel. The footing has #5 bars continuous (top and bottom) and #4 dowels at 12" on center. #5 bars: 2 bars × 1,840 LF = 3,680 LF. Convert to tons: #5 bar weighs 1.043 lb/ft, so 3,680 × 1.043 = 3,838 lb = 1.92 tons. #4 dowels: 1,840 LF ÷ 1 ft spacing = 1,840 dowels, each 2 ft long = 3,680 LF. #4 bar weighs 0.668 lb/ft, so 3,680 × 0.668 = 2,458 lb = 1.23 tons. Add 10% for lap and chairs: (1.92 + 1.23) × 1.10 = 3.47 tons. We show lap and chairs as a separate line.
Step 6: Apply Davis-Bacon labor rates. The wage determination lists Carpenter at $22.50/hr plus $10.15 fringe, Laborer at $18.50/hr plus $8.20 fringe, and Operating Engineer at $28.00/hr plus $12.50 fringe. We assign hours based on crew balance: 0.08 carpenter hours per SFCA, 0.15 laborer hours per CY, and 0.05 operating engineer hours per CY. Fringe is applied per hour, not as a percentage.
Step 7: Map to bid schedule. The bid schedule has a line for "Concrete footings" in CY. We report 143.1 CY with a unit price that includes concrete, forms, rebar, and labor. We also provide a backup tab showing each component so you can defend the unit price if asked.
This is the level of detail we provide for every line item. The dimensions are illustrative; your project will have its own.
What drives cost on a federal estimate for contractors
Relative impact on a typical estimate for this trade, based on estimator judgment. Select a bar for details.
Wage determination
The published Davis-Bacon rates for the county and construction type set the floor for every labor hour. The spread between the federal rate and the commercial prevailing rate for the same trade is often the single largest difference between a federal bid and a private bid. For example, a Laborer group 1 rate may be $18.50 per hour plus $8.20 fringe, while the commercial rate is $15.00. We compare them side by side and apply the correct fringe per hour, not as a percentage.
The published Davis-Bacon rates for the county and construction type set the floor for every labor hour. The spread between the federal rate and the commercial prevailing rate for the same trade is often the single largest difference between a federal bid and a private bid. For example, a Laborer group 1 rate may be $18.50 per hour plus $8.20 fringe, while the commercial rate is $15.00. We compare them side by side and apply the correct fringe per hour, not as a percentage.
Performance and payment bonds are priced at the penal sum, which is the full contract amount, not the annual value. On a multi-year contract the premium is a real cost. For a $2 million contract, the premium might be $15,000 to $25,000 depending on the surety and your financials. We show it as a separate line so you can see the impact on your bid and decide whether to carry it in the base or as an add alternate.
Section 01 33 00 and 01 45 00 require a submittal register, a QC plan, and dedicated QC staff. These hours fall on the prime. For a typical project, the QC manager may spend 20 hours per week for the duration. We carry them as LS items and break them down by phase so you can see the administrative load. We also include the cost of preparing and tracking submittals, RFIs, and as-builts.
Federal awards can take several months from bid to notice to proceed. If you bid a fixed price, you carry the escalation risk. Material prices for steel, copper, and asphalt can move 5–10% in a year. We can add an escalation line if you provide a rate and period, or flag it as an assumption. For example, if you expect a 6-month delay and 4% annual escalation, we apply 2% to the material cost.
Work on an occupied facility or a secure base may be restricted to off-hours. That means overtime, shift differential, and escort hours. On a military base, you may need badging, background checks, and a full-time escort for each crew. We price these separately so you can see the premium. For example, a night shift might carry a 15% differential, and escort time might add 10% to labor hours.
The Buy American Act and Trade Agreements Act require domestic end products for permanently installed materials. If a specified product is not compliant, you may need a waiver or a substitute. This can affect cost and schedule. We flag non-compliant items during the takeoff and note the certification requirements. For example, certain electrical panels and HVAC units may have limited domestic sources, and substitutes may carry a premium.
Federal solicitations often include options and alternates that must be priced as add/deduct to the base bid. The bid schedule controls how they are presented. If you price them as standalone line items, you may be deemed non-responsive. We map each option to the base bid and show the incremental cost. For example, an alternate for a different roof membrane might be priced as a deduct, and we show the quantity and unit price difference.
Common gaps we catch
These are the items that most often get missed on federal bids. We check for them on every takeoff.
- Davis-Bacon classifications not in the published schedule. They hide in the wage determination as 'not listed' and require a conformance request. We flag them before you bid.
- Fringe benefits applied as a percentage of base wage instead of per hour. The wage determination lists them per hour, and that changes the labor burden.
- Bond premium based on contract value instead of penal sum. The penal sum is the full amount, and the premium is calculated on that.
- Buy American and Trade Agreements Act certification for permanently installed products. If a product is not compliant, you may need a waiver.
- Submittal, RFI, and as-built drafting hours that fall on the prime under the QC plan. These are often missed because they are not in the construction drawings.
- Temporary facilities, security badging, and escort hours for base access. These are real costs on secure sites and are rarely in the plans.
- Options and alternates priced as standalone line items instead of add/deduct to the base bid. The bid schedule controls how they must be presented.
- Closeout deliverables — as-builts, warranties, spare parts, training — priced as LS items. They are in the specs but not on the drawings.
- Davis-Bacon conformance request preparation and submission. If a classification is not listed, you must file a request with the contracting officer, and that takes time and effort.
- Escalation clauses and price adjustment provisions. Some federal contracts allow for price adjustments if certain conditions are met, but you must include the mechanism in your bid.
- Bonding capacity and surety fees for multi-year contracts. The penal sum may be the full contract amount, and the premium is based on that, not annual value.
Davis-Bacon estimating wage classifications vs. commercial rates
The wage determination sets the floor for labor. This table shows how we compare the federal rate to the commercial prevailing rate for the same trade in the same county. Rates are illustrative.
| Trade classification | Federal base + fringe | Commercial prevailing | Spread per hour |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carpenter | $22.50 + $10.15 = $32.65 | $28.00 | $4.65 |
| Electrician | $35.00 + $14.20 = $49.20 | $42.00 | $7.20 |
| Laborer, group 1 | $18.50 + $8.20 = $26.70 | $15.50 | $11.20 |
| Operating Engineer | $28.00 + $12.50 = $40.50 | $32.00 | $8.50 |
| Painter | $20.00 + $9.00 = $29.00 | $22.00 | $7.00 |
| Plumber | $30.00 + $13.00 = $43.00 | $38.00 | $5.00 |
| Ironworker | $32.00 + $13.50 = $45.50 | $40.00 | $5.50 |
Codes and standards that affect federal takeoff
Model codes
Federal projects often adopt the International Building Code (IBC) and International Existing Building Code (IEBC) for renovations, but the edition and amendments are set by the contracting agency. The IECC governs energy performance and can change insulation and glazing quantities. NEC applies to electrical, IPC/UPC to plumbing, and NFPA 13 to sprinklers. Confirm the adopted edition with the local building department and the solicitation. These codes affect quantities: for example, IECC may require continuous insulation, adding SF of rigid board.
Industry standards
ACI 318 governs concrete design and testing, affecting mix designs and cylinder counts. ASTM standards cover materials from rebar to pipe. SMACNA standards apply to ductwork fabrication and installation, affecting gauge and reinforcement. GA-216 covers gypsum board application, affecting screw spacing and joint treatment. NRCA standards apply to roofing, affecting underlayment and flashing details. These standards are often referenced in specifications and change the labor and material required.
Specification sections
You must read Division 01 sections for submittals (01 33 00), quality control (01 45 00), and temporary facilities (01 50 00). These add LS items for management and administration. Division 03 sections specify concrete strength, reinforcement, and formwork. Division 05 covers steel, including connection design and painting. Division 09 covers finishes, with requirements for substrate preparation and VOC limits. Division 22 and 23 cover plumbing and HVAC, with commissioning requirements. Each section can add or change line items.
Local amendments
Local jurisdictions may amend model codes, changing requirements for seismic, wind, energy, or fire. For federal projects, the agency may impose its own criteria, such as Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) for military work. These amendments can affect quantities: for example, seismic detailing may require more rebar, or energy code may require higher R-values. Always confirm the adopted code edition and amendments with the local building department and the contracting officer.
Who we work with
Federal prime contractors
You need a unit-price estimate that maps to the bid schedule and can be defended in a price-reasonableness discussion. We build the estimate so each line matches the schedule item, and we show the labor build-up behind it.
8(a), SDVOSB, WOSB, HUBZone
You may be pricing your first federal job or your twentieth. We help you understand how Davis-Bacon rates and FAR Part 36 submittals affect your cost, and we flag the items that typically trip up small businesses.
Subcontractors to primes
You are pricing a scope for a teaming agreement. We take off your portion and give you a quote you can carry into the prime's bid, with the same unit structure the prime will use.
Construction managers
You are managing the bid process for a federal client. We provide a third-party check on the estimate and help you compare bids against the government estimate.